Poland and the Black Death Essay -- the bubonic plague

The bubonic plague is non a virus but rather a bacterium called Yersinia pestis (discovered in 1894 by a bacteriologist named Alexandre Yersin) that lives in the bloodstream of rats as an inconsequential cloudion. It transfers from rat to rat by fleas, which today we know were the original carriers of the plague. When a flea bites an infected rat and picks up the bacteria, it rapidly reproduces in the fleas digestive tract, cause a mass that doesnt allow the flea to swallow. The flea begins to starve from this blockage, and bites new rats in hopes to find food, unable to swallow the flea vomits what it has bitten back into the blood stream, along with the bacteria that was in the fleas stomach, thus infecting a new rat. The plague began when fleas frantically search for food began to bite humans as well as rats, giving the humans Yersinia pestis, which unknown to the human immune system, manifested into the plague (Damen 2014). However, humans can not only contract the disease f rom fleas biting them, but also by inhaling the bacteria. In humans the disease can manifest in three ways bubonic, septicemic or pneumonic way. In the bubonic plague (which was most common during the Black death) the lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, and groin swell and blacken into buboes that then infect the rest of the body. The common practice was to pop these boils, and so typically infection killed the patient if the disease managed to not. With the septicemic plague, the bacterium inhibits the bodys ability to clot, causing internal hemorrhaging that kills the patient. With the pneumonic plague, the bacterium settles in the victims lungs and within four to five days, the lungs essentially liquefy, killing the patient. With the pneumoni... ...Jews Went Viral. Jspace.com. N.p., 28 Mar. 2013. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.The Black Death Horseman of the Apocalypse in the Fourteenth Century. The Black Death. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2014.The Black Death. Wordpress.com. N.p., 11 Dec. 2008. Web. 8 Feb. 2014.Trueman, Chris. The Black Death of 1348 to 1350. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. History Learning Site, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.VanPutte, Cinnamon L., Jennifer L. Regan, and Andrew F. Russo. Chapter 11 Blood.Seeleys Essentials of skeletal system & Physiology. New York McGraw-Hill, 2013. N. pag. Print.Wein, Berel. The Black Death. Jewish History. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2014.What Is Hemophilia? NHLBI.NIH.GOV. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 31 July 2013. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.Wilensky, Gabriel. Blaming the Jews for the Black Death Plague. Six Million Crucifixions. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.

Edar Allan Poe Essay -- essays research papers

A Reflection of the demeanor and Works of Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe is a name even the literary semiliterate know, but not small-army people know Edgar Allan Poe the person. When reading the resolves of this poetic booster many might think that he had a vivid imagination or just a morbid soul. The truth is that the works of Poe are ground on his own life, the life of an orphan who suffered from an obsessive imperative disorder and who eventually became diseased by alcoholism. Understanding Poe the man, who had legitimate medical problems that caused erratic behavior and depression among many other things, is to have an understanding of the true meaning hidden behind the words of his poetry. Poe earned his place as a major(ip) figure in American earn for his tales of the bizarre and fantastic, mindless stories that are structurally brilliant and considered precursors of many forms and themes in subsequent American and European literary works (Bloom, Harold p.491). B orn of impoerished parents and orphaned at the age of two, Poe lived a brief and tragic life a life whose legend has often proved an beat influence on the critical reception of his work (Bloom, Harold p.491). beforehand Poe was three years old both of his parents died, and he was raised in the house of stool Allan, a prosperous exporter from Richmond, Virginia, who never legally adopted his cling to son. Poe attended many of the best schools at that time. At the University of Virginia he distinguished himself academically, but subsequently little more than only one year he had to leave because of financial debt and lack of adequate funds from Allan. Poe went on to enlist himself in the regular army where he finished and published his first poetry aggregation Tamerlane and Other Poems. These works received no recognition. When his second set of works appeared in 1829, it received only slight attention. Also in 1829 Poe was honorably carry through from the army, having attained the rank of regimental sergeant major, and was then admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point (Gale Research p.1). However because Allan would neither interpret Poe with sufficient funds to maintain himself as a cadet nor give the consent prerequisite to resign from the Academy, Poe gained a dismissal by ignoring his duties and violating regulations (Gale Research p.1). H... ...roversy over the sanity, or at best the maturity of Poe (Paul Elmer More called him the poet of unripe boys and unsound men), it was the interview of the value of Poes works as serious books (Gale Research p.5). Edgar Allan Poes personal life, especially the stories surrounding his drinking and early death, are dealt with extensively by Poes contemporary critics as well as those writing in the twentieth century (Bloom, Harold p. 491). In their confusion of the man and his literary creations, certain(prenominal) critics have ascribed to Poe a morbidity of compositors case and a roug hshod and unnatural temperament. (Bloom, Harold p. 491). This critical attitude was adumbrated by the publication of Poes letters under the direction of R.W. Griswold, his literary executor (Bloom, Harold p.491). Griswold, for reasons unknown, sought to defame Poe by falsifying his letters and printing forged material that portrayed Poe as a bizarre and menacing character (Bloom, Harold p. 491). Although he was ultimately vindicated through the scholarship of A.H. Quinn and others, it has been the work of modern scholars to reestablish Poes reputation based on the work and not the man (Bloom, Harold p. 491). Edar Allan Poe Essay -- essays research papersA Reflection of the Life and Works of Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe is a name even the literary illiterate know, but not many people know Edgar Allan Poe the person. When reading the works of this poetic genius many might think that he had a vivid imagination or just a morbid soul. The truth is that the works of Po e are based on his own life, the life of an orphan who suffered from an obsessive compulsive disorder and who eventually became diseased by alcoholism. Understanding Poe the man, who had true medical problems that caused erratic behavior and depression among many other things, is to have an understanding of the true meaning hidden behind the words of his poetry. Poe earned his place as a major figure in American letters for his tales of the bizarre and fantastic, short stories that are structurally brilliant and considered precursors of many forms and themes in subsequent American and European literature (Bloom, Harold p.491). Born of impoverished parents and orphaned at the age of two, Poe lived a brief and tragic life a life whose legend has often proved an overpowering influence on the critical reception of his work (Bloom, Harold p.491). Before Poe was three years old both of his parents died, and he was raised in the house of John Allan, a prosperous exporter from Richmond, Vir ginia, who never legally adopted his foster son. Poe attended many of the best schools at that time. At the University of Virginia he distinguished himself academically, but after little more than only one year he had to leave because of financial debt and lack of adequate funds from Allan. Poe went on to enlist himself in the army where he finished and published his first poetry collection Tamerlane and Other Poems. These works received no recognition. When his second set of works appeared in 1829, it received only slight attention. Also in 1829 Poe was honorably discharged from the army, having attained the rank of regimental sergeant major, and was then admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point (Gale Research p.1). However because Allan would neither provide Poe with sufficient funds to maintain himself as a cadet nor give the consent necessary to resign from the Academy, Poe gained a dismissal by ignoring his duties and violating regulations (Gale Research p.1 ). H... ...roversy over the sanity, or at best the maturity of Poe (Paul Elmer More called him the poet of unripe boys and unsound men), it was the question of the value of Poes works as serious literature (Gale Research p.5). Edgar Allan Poes personal life, especially the stories surrounding his drinking and early death, are dealt with extensively by Poes contemporary critics as well as those writing in the twentieth century (Bloom, Harold p. 491). In their confusion of the man and his literary creations, certain critics have ascribed to Poe a morbidity of character and a cruel and unnatural temperament. (Bloom, Harold p. 491). This critical attitude was adumbrated by the publication of Poes letters under the direction of R.W. Griswold, his literary executor (Bloom, Harold p.491). Griswold, for reasons unknown, sought to defame Poe by falsifying his letters and printing forged material that portrayed Poe as a bizarre and menacing character (Bloom, Harold p. 491). Although he was u ltimately vindicated through the scholarship of A.H. Quinn and others, it has been the work of modern scholars to reestablish Poes reputation based on the work and not the man (Bloom, Harold p. 491).

The Power And The Glory By Graham Greene :: essays research papers

The Power and the Glory by Graham GreeneIt is the story-tellers task to elicit sympathy and a measure of recognizeingfor those who lie away(p) the boundaries of State Approval.I. hotshot day I gave The Power and the Glory to... a native of Mexico who had livedthrough the worst persecutions... She confessed that your descriptions were sovivid, your priest so real, that she found herself praying for him at Mass. Iunderstand how she felt. Last year, on a trip through Mexico, I found myselfpeering into mud huts, through colonisation streets, and across impassible mountainranges, half-believing that I would glimpse a dim figure stumbling in the rainon his way to the border. There is no greater tribute possible to your creationof this font - he lives.An pick out from the letter of Californian Catholic teacher to Graham Greene,1960In a particular Mexican state the Church had been outlawed and the priests hadto go underground by the threat of being shot. After several(prenominal) mont hs from thegovernors office appeared a news, that there was still one priest, gravelMontez, who was moving from village to village working on the Church byadministering the sacraments, listening confessions and saying masses. A younglieutenant of natural law, and ardent revolutionist and an anti-clerical, asked hischief to let him search for the priest who, as the regime understood it,was guilty of treason.Two photographs were pasted up together in police station. One was the pictureof an American bank burglar who killed several police officers in Texas theother was that of the priest. No one noniced the irony, including the younglieutenant, who was more interested in arresting the priest. When the officerreceived authorization to look for Father Montez, the priest was already in thevillage, where he came to get aboard the boat that would take him in the cityVera Cruz and safety.In the village he met Mr. Tench, old dental practitioner who wanted somebody to speakEnglish with. But before Father Montez could get aboard the boat news came tohim that an Indian woman was dying several miles inland. True to the call, thepriest sat on the mule and went to administer the last rites to the dying woman,even though he realized that he might not find another ship to carry him tosafety. There was one other priest in the region, Father Jose. But Father Josewas so coward, that he renounced the church up to the point of taking a wife, ashrewish old woman. The authorities paid no attention to him at all, for theyThe Power And The Glory By Graham Greene essays research papers The Power and the Glory by Graham GreeneIt is the story-tellers task to elicit sympathy and a measure of understandingfor those who lie outside the boundaries of State Approval.I.One day I gave The Power and the Glory to... a native of Mexico who had livedthrough the worst persecutions... She confessed that your descriptions were sovivid, your priest so real, that she found herself praying for h im at Mass. Iunderstand how she felt. Last year, on a trip through Mexico, I found myselfpeering into mud huts, through village streets, and across impassible mountainranges, half-believing that I would glimpse a dim figure stumbling in the rainon his way to the border. There is no greater tribute possible to your creationof this character - he lives.An excerpt from the letter of Californian Catholic teacher to Graham Greene,1960In a particular Mexican state the Church had been outlawed and the priests hadto go underground by the threat of being shot. After several months from thegovernors office appeared a news, that there was still one priest, FatherMontez, who was moving from village to village working on the Church byadministering the sacraments, listening confessions and saying masses. A younglieutenant of police, and ardent revolutionist and an anti-clerical, asked hischief to let him search for the priest who, as the authorities understood it,was guilty of treason.Two photogr aphs were pasted up together in police station. One was the pictureof an American bank robber who killed several police officers in Texas theother was that of the priest. No one noticed the irony, including the younglieutenant, who was more interested in arresting the priest. When the officerreceived permission to look for Father Montez, the priest was already in thevillage, where he came to get aboard the boat that would take him in the cityVera Cruz and safety.In the village he met Mr. Tench, old dentist who wanted somebody to speakEnglish with. But before Father Montez could get aboard the boat news came tohim that an Indian woman was dying several miles inland. True to the call, thepriest sat on the mule and went to administer the last rites to the dying woman,even though he realized that he might not find another ship to carry him tosafety. There was one other priest in the region, Father Jose. But Father Josewas so coward, that he renounced the church up to the point of taking a wife, ashrewish old woman. The authorities paid no attention to him at all, for they

The way Homer conveys his stories to the audience :: Literature

The Way Homer Conveys his Stories to the AudienceHomer who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey used a number of different techniques to convey his poems and stories to his audience. I will be indite about these in this essay.Right from the beginning of Book 9 we see Homers ability to convey the story healthy, he starts it with a monologue from Odysseus to King Alcinous on his adventure. It gets right into the action which wouldve held his audiences interest throughout. He finds ways to get around justifying things by pushing Odysseus right out of the known area round Cape Malea into the unknown. He is accordingly allowed to create a fictional world, another dimension where he cant be corrected. He creates islands and peoples, whole civilisations of monsters. This I believe is an excellent example of Homers good composition.He also weaves all these stories together from old folk tales and although there are some slight mistakes he was reciting it by mouth so couldnt just press the b ackspace key he had to carry on even if he had made a mistake. The Cyclops story and others were probably not told together like they are in the Odyssey, they wouldve been told by different groups and tribes around fires. So this is another example of well Homer composes the whole story into one massive epic poem which is the Odyssey.Another example of his good composition is how he makes the whole thing into a formula, in formulaic epithet. Not many people could probably do that straight away. He sometimes goes on auto-pilot by using the same phrases. E.g. As soon as Dawn appeared, fresh and rosy-fingered. This shows another good example of Homers composition excellence.Homer does make mistakes though, he sometimes when trying to weave the folk tales gets them jumbled up and doesnt correct them. E.g. The Cyclops then washed this meal down with unwatered milk It was not normal then to water milk and isnt now. We believe Homer made this mistake purposefully, as in the original the C yclops may have been drinking booze but that would mean the rest of the story wouldnt work so he quickly replaced wine with milk but didnt get unblock of unwatered.

Mapping The Violence in Colombia Essay -- War, Structural Violence

Mapping The Violence in ColombiaThe peace researcher Johan Galtung proposes a typology of violence, constructed as direct and indirect, formal-informal and visible-invisible. Regarding it as a triangle, Galtung (1990) states that typology of violence corresponds virtually to the ABC levels of the conflict triangle Attitude, Behaviour and Contradictions. In the first level Direct violence (acts of violence as such) and in second and third level underneath the surface Structural violence and Cultural violence. See figure below.The Structural Violence concept by Galtung (1969) asserts that the structure and culture in societies ar a central facet on the explanation of violence thus, human beings are being influenced so that their somatic and mental realisations are below their potential difference. The author distinguishes two types of outcomes of violence a) effect that violence has and b) the form of violence. The first is violence manifested on either person-to-person basis ( such as familiar violence) or conflict confrontation (i.e. shooting). In the second one, the forms of violence are manifested within society, in its systems and institutionalised practices, and likewise violence as social phenomena and its constructions in sess media. This will set the basis for the next section to contextualise the multiple causes of violence in conflict situations, such as the case of Colombia, in order to pick up the journalism coverage and the development of peace initiatives. I consider it important to analyse profound violence because of its complexity, diverse variables and causes involved, such as social, economic, political and psychological causes that help to comprehend this society and its journalism with violent and ... ... studies on violence as the following literary-anthropological (urban scenarios focused on gangs) studies centred in psychological and individual make of violence (kidnap) analysis of perceptions on violence in all its manifes tations, from every-day life and the internally displaced because of violence. Violence and sacrifice are two concepts constantly seen in Colombian social imagery the guerrillas, the paramilitary and political parties propose that it is necessary to sacrifice in order to achieve social goals. Therefore, the sacrifice of martyrs and innocent civilians is confirm in either side by demagogic discourse. The notion of sacrifice is also seen in the journalists the majority of those I interviewed (who were threatened and have been in exile) also exercise the notion of sacrifice for their profession and country by doing their work.

Mapping The Violence in Colombia Essay -- War, Structural Violence

Mapping The Violence in ColombiaThe peace researcher Johan Galtung proposes a typology of rage, constructed as direct and indirect, formal-informal and visible-invisible. Regarding it as a triangle, Galtung (1990) states that typology of violence corresponds roughly to the ABC levels of the conflict triangle Attitude, Behaviour and Contradictions. In the first level Direct violence (acts of violence as such) and in second and thirdly level underneath the surface Structural violence and Cultural violence. See figure down the stairs.The Structural Violence concept by Galtung (1969) asserts that the structure and culture in societies are a central facet on the explanation of violence thus, human beings are being influenced so that their somatic and mental realisations are below their potential. The author distinguishes two types of outcomes of violence a) effect that violence has and b) the form of violence. The first is violence manifested on either person-to-person basis (such as familiar violence) or conflict confrontation (i.e. shooting). In the second one, the forms of violence are manifested within society, in its systems and institutionalised practices, and also violence as social phenomena and its constructions in mass media. This will set the basis for the next section to contextualise the multiple causes of violence in conflict situations, such as the case of Colombia, in identify to understand the journalism coverage and the development of peace initiatives. I consider it important to analyse profound violence because of its complexity, diverse variables and causes involved, such as social, economic, policy-making and psychological causes that help to comprehend this society and its journalism with violent and ... ... studies on violence as the following literary-anthropological (urban scenarios focused on gangs) studies centred in psychological and somebody effects of violence (kidnap) analysis of perceptions on violence in all its manife stations, from every-day life and the internally displaced because of violence. Violence and sacrifice are two concepts incessantly seen in Colombian social imagery the guerrillas, the paramilitary and political parties propose that it is necessary to sacrifice in order to achieve social goals. Therefore, the sacrifice of martyrs and open civilians is justified in either side by demagogic discourse. The notion of sacrifice is also seen in the journalists the majority of those I interviewed (who were threatened and have been in exile) also exercise the notion of sacrifice for their profession and country by doing their work.

Child Discipline

Forms of h elder What is best for the tike? babyren ar deal flowers, if soundly tugn c ar of they impart bloom. If ignore or tortured, they will wither and die. Child glance is one of the well-nigh important elements of successful pargonnting. Today, umteen deal have this nonion that physical sh come out out is in no way a solution to helping churlren discern between right and wrong. Since generations squirtren have been taught the cheat of retard through physical punishment.Often this address to disciplining has resulted in cardinal bulge outcomes, one is where the minor becomes more tolerant and is willing to adhere to what he/she has been told, or the anformer(a)(prenominal) which more often results in tikeren exploitation a sense of anguish and desire to revolt. Physical punishment often destroys the psychological legal opinionset of a child and rotter scar his/her childhood, resulting in them to contr strike up to be especi anyy irritable and frustr ated individuals. Over the decades we have seen that fewer and fewer p arents are re demeanoring to this sort of method of violence to arrest their children.However inappropriate to every last(predicate) that has been stated, I believe that some generation parents are caught in a feature when children cross exclusively boundaries of discipline and resilient is the precisely actionive solution. Therefore, it is shrill to do so. Nonetheless, before whiping is even taken into consideration all the other non-violent forms of discipline should be use. If none work then finally the act of merry sight be averageifiable. The act of spanking is non merely a punishment that should be conducted on a whim by parents thither must be reasoning and evidence of a clear sort of rebellion or revolt that requires more(prenominal) treatment.However in much(prenominal) a situation I am of the firm belief that dialogue or discussion is not the option that will stay the issue in the lo ng run. I feel this set about whitethorn only last for a short period of time until the child feels that his or her parents have forgotten the issue and will once again go back on the same thoroughfare. A spanking advocate says, I dont work out it hurt me, in fact, it helped me in the long-run. It make me look at consequences, things kids dont regulationly think around. I was always told, Listen, or youll have to feel it. I listed when I was told, and now, Im grateful I was raised identical that because I feel now I am much more respectful to my peers and my elders especially. Thus, the act of a spanking induces a fear, a fear that is demand for children to experience, as it is this fear that rings in a childs mind when he or she is on the verge of pursuing a mistake he or she is aware is wrong. When a child is noncompliant, I agree that a spanking is desirable by any parent, however spanking kit and boodle best when followed by a serene conversation with the child about why was he/she spanked.There are many parents today who do not get by how to use this disciplinary action on their children. They unremarkably annihilate up excising in addition much or too little control over their child without giving them a suitable reasoning. A Fact sheet from the Rocky Mountain Family council states that pairing reasoning with a spanking in the toddler geezerhood delayed misbehavior longer than did either reasoning or spanking alone. Reasoning link with a spank was as well more effective compared with other discipline methods. Talking with the child about what behavior is judge and why-with the potential of a follow-up spank-worked best. Hence, Spank a child only when necessary and in conjunction with reasoning and other forms of discipline. Reality is a question of perspective the further you get from it the more credible it seems. Being raised in a traditional Indian family, I have been exposed to all forms of disciplines depending on the situation . As a child, I was spanked when I did something wrong. Being spanked taught me respect and kept me in line. The way my parents disciplined me is an accepted method of punishment back home. It is only today that I bring in the vastness of what they did.Just as my parents did not have the conception to physically abuse me, the constitutional concept of spanking too is not directed towards hurting the child, it is more of a lesson taught to make the child historicalize his/her mistake. Hence, in that respect needs to be a limit to how much parents nates spank their kids. If the act is carried out on a daily basis, there are high chances of the kid behaving inappropriately behind closed doors. At the end of the day these kids get so frustrated of being spanked everyday that they end up doing supernumerary things such as lying, cheating, bullying other people behind their parents backs.Research by Murray Straus, a Co-Director at the Family Research research laboratory at the U niversity of Durham,indicated that frequent spanking (three or more times a week) of children 6 to 9 years old, tracked over a period of two years, increased a childs antisocial behaviour, measured in activities like cheating, bullying, or lying. Hence, it is important for the parents to learn which behaviours deserve a spanking. For instance, spilling water, making noise, wetting-pants are normal behaviours all children tend to pick. They do not need to be spanked as these are all age-appropriate behaviours.A key concept of discipline is to identify the behaviour that is classifiable for the age of the child. Based on the behaviour, parents can then take appropriate actions. For instance, Lisa Berlin, research scientist at the Centre for Child and Family Policy at Duke University says, Were talking about infants and toddlers, and I think that just, cognitively, they just dont understand enough about right or wrong or punishment to benefit from being spanked,As Berlin states, it is cadaverous to spank an infant, however as children receive older and begin to understand the severity of the punishment, a spanking is desirable.Today, there is a common misconception that spanking is a form of child abuse. Some parents are actually afraid to discipline their own children using the same method employ for their own up set ashoreing. Who is correct in the notion of right and wrong discipline? Is there such a thing as a correct way to spank your child? In my opinion, there is. So, my objective is to show that there is a fine line between the two terms Spanking and Child abuse. A Cambridge Dictionary states that Child Abuse occurs when adults intentionally treat children in a cruel or violent way. On the other hand, Spanking in the same dictionary style to hit a child with the hand, unremarkably several times on the bottom as a punishment. In this way, the line between the two can be drawn where too much spanking results in bruises and scars on the child. There fore, parents should not spank their children when they are angry themselves as the spank would turn out to be an unintentional smack. When this occurs, parents tend to accidently take out their frustration on the child.Primarily, this is when Spanking, a form of discipline, causes drifting towards the entire concept of child abuse. However, this misconception has guide to many un complimentsed situations where parents have been move to jail by their own children. In a general conversation with a waiter at IHOP in Charlottesville, I got to know that he spanked his child twice due to confidential reasons and the child sent his dad, Greg, to the court. In this way, mild spanking is an essential tool to bring the child on the right highway of success.A pro-spanker, Leeanne, mother to three children says I gave a spanking (more like a weak handed swatting) on the croupe when my children were small a couple of times. after that, just a warning and a look was all they needed to keep in line, because they knew they didnt want one. All three of my children have told me that they are ashamed of their generation and each have thanked me, at one point or another for those little spanks. (Again, I dont mean pain just financial aid getting and disapproval of their behaviour). As cl chooseed by her, I too believe that spanking causes no harm on the child.It is just the way the parent does it. crawl in your children more than you spank them. At the end of the day, that is all what a child needs in life. Other than that, I also carried out my own survey for this essay where I asked fifteen friends their opinion on spanking. Each of them said that they have been spanked in at to the lowest degree one circumstance. They all agreed that it is comme il faut to discipline in this way. It is only now after coming to UVA and being so successful they have realised the importance of the punishments their parents used to give them.When I asked them at what occasions did they get spanked, one said, I have done a lot of silly things in life that my parents have disapproved, they believe that not all negative behaviours require a spanking but spanking is their number one choice when all other methods of discipline fail. Life is all about making decisions, taking risks and then finally facing their consequences. Hence, their parents took the risk and landed on the safe end where their children are reaching the pinnacle of success.As stated, spanking shouldnt be the only form of discipline used on children. Parents need to take into account all the other forms as well to get wind their children right from wrong. Parents can inculcate discipline in their child by showing discontent to the unsuitable behaviour of the child. This usually has a lasting effect as they know that if they do it again their parents will be disappointed, which is usually harder to deal with. This type of punishment only gives you more of a guilt purport and it remains till you are in good terms with your parents again.When parents give that silent treatment, it becomes very hard to fuck in the same house where parents are not in talking terms with their kids. Scolding is another form which is widely used all over the world. If it becomes an everyday situation then it may lessen the effect on the child. The child may start considering this as a normal act for parents to clapperclaw at him/her and will start ignoring them. The aim of the parents to memorize the kid a lesson and make sure he/she does not make the same mistake again would fail.However, if scolding is the only process used then parents need to also praise their children when they do something good as well. In this way, scolding andpraising should be balanced so that children understand the entire concept properly. Another very effective form of discipline is Time-Out. This is mainly used on little children. Atime-outinvolves temporarily separating a child from an environment where inappropriat e behaviour has occurred, and is intended to give an over-excited child time to calm down. This method can be very effectual if carried out appropriately.Too much of something doesnt attain the goal it is looking for. Similarly, excessive scolding or use of time-out does not have the same effect on the child as a one or two time would. For example, a child throwing a scenery can be put in time-out for him/her to calm down. After that, parents need to make sure they kindly explain the kid that whatever he/she did is not acceptable in society. notwithstanding in this case, age matters as a one year old cannot be asked to sit and listen to a long lecture as they do not have long attention spans.An American mother stated Once the child gets older and as they start experiencing the real world, parents tend teach them a lesson by withholding privileges. When they reach a certain age i. e. when they are in grade 5-6, they start to differentiate precisely between family and friends. somet imes as they enter the teenage world, they begin to value friends over family. At this point, parents know that their kids are growing and office go on the wrong path if not taught a lesson at the right time. Hence, some of the techniques such as if they come home later than expected then take away what they grapple the most are used.For example, if you come home late, you will not be allowed to watch TV for two days. This is usually used once the child is old enough to understand. In this way, as they grow older they learn how to make thoughtful decisions. A balanced approach should be used in site to raise the child in the right manner. By balanced, I mean that parents should spank their children only to a certain extent primarily depending on their age and the type of mistake committed by the child. Spanking along with other forms of discipline should be used in order to make the child realize his/her mistakes in life.Child DisciplineGOALS OF EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE Discipline is the structure that helps the child fit into the real world happily and effectively. It is the foundation for the development of the childs own self-discipline. Effective and positive discipline is about teaching and guiding children, not just forcing them to obey. As with all other interventions aimed at pointing out unacceptable behavior, the child should always know that the parent loves and supports him or her. Trust between parent and child should be maintained and constantly built upon.Parenting is the task of raising children and providing them with the necessary material and emotional care to further their physical, emotional, cognitive and social development. Disciplining children is one of the most important yet difficult responsibilities of parenting, and there are no shortcuts. The physician must stress that teaching about limits and acceptable behavior takes time and a great deal of energy. The hurried pace of todays society can be an obstacle to effective discipline. T he goal of effective discipline is to promote acceptable and appropriate behaviour in the child and to raise emotionally mature adults.A disciplined person is able to postpone pleasure, is considerate of the needs of others, is forceful without being aggressive or hostile, and can tolerate discomfort when necessary. The foundation of effective discipline is respect. The child should be able to respect the parents authority and also the rights of others. Inconsistency in applying discipline will not help a child respect his or her parents. Harsh discipline such as humiliation (verbal abuse, shouting, name-calling) will also make it hard for the child to respect and trust the parent.Thus, effective discipline means discipline applied with usual respect in a firm, fair, reasonable and consistent way. The goal is to protect the child from danger, help the child learn self-discipline, and develop a healthy sense of right and wrong and an internal sense of responsibility and control. I t should also instill values. One of the major obstacles to achieving these goals is inconsistency, which will confuse any child, regardless of developmental age. It can be particularly hard for parents to be consistent role models. Telling children to Do as I say, but not as I do does not strike effective discipline.Parental disagreements about child-rearing techniques, as well as cultural differences between parents, often result in inconsistent disciplining methods. The physician needs to be aware(p) of these challenges and suggest steps that parents can take to resolve these differences (1). It is important that in teaching effective discipline, physicians do not impose their own agendas on the families they counsel. A balanced, objective mentation should be used to provide resources, and the goal should be to remain objective. This means using principles supported by academic, peer-reviewed literature.This is particularly important when traffic with controversial issues suc h as disciplinary spanking. MEANINGS Discipline means obedience to a superior authority. Accepting the norms of the family, society, the commands of elders and obeying them is also discipline. Discipline means accepting punishments for violation. Discipline also means training of mind and character, developing self-control and the habit of obedience. In the entire universe, there is an order and discipline. The stars, the planets, the earth on which we live, the moon and the solarize we see, move according to a system of discipline.We can see that plants, insects, birds and animals too observe discipline in their lives, only man who has a thinking mind finds it difficult to observe discipline. Discipline could be divided into two broad categories, external and internal. External discipline is that which is imposed by outside authority. It is often linked with authority and force. Discipline in the army is one such. Soldiers do not have a say in it except implicit obedience. As Tenn yson says Theirs not to make reply. Theres not to reason why, theirs nut to do and die.A soldier in a war field cannot ask for reasons. He has to obey commands otherwise, the war is lost. Our ancient educational system believed in enforcing discipline by force. They used to say, if you spare the rod you will spoil the child. But that view is not correct. It will produce only negative results. That is why discipline has taken a new shape in schools and colleges now. It is call self-discipline. It is discipline by acceptance, not by imposition. We live in a democracy. Democracy is based on the will of majority of its citizens.It has to be accepted and obeyed. Otherwise democracy loses its gist and leads to anarchy. Family customs and traditions, laws of the society, and moral and spiritual laws of the religion are all to be obeyed. That is discipline. Discipline demands obedience to commands fro leaders, respect for women, devotion to god etc. Though discipline starts at home, there is much more need for it in schools. Schools are nursing places for various virtues and values. Discipline in the classroom, on the playground and elsewhere in the school is all important.Force has no place in student discipline. Teachers are to be first disciplined, so one, who cannot control oneself, cannot control others. Students emulate teachers in all ways. It is more so in the matter of discipline. They observe discipline by acceptance not by force. Some argue that discipline limits freedom and that also kills the mans initiative. This is a wrong view. Indiscipline cannot bring order of growth. Self-discipline or discipline by acceptance is self-control. One controls his emotions and desires and gives room to listen to others points of views.Man has many desires and impulses. If they are allowed free play without discipline, it will end in chaos. Nature and society are best disciplinarians. Violate their laws, and you are in for punishment. Put your finger in fire. It burns, no matter who you are. There we learn discipline by experience. That is why Gandhi has rightly said that discipline is teaching in adversity. It is therefore necessary that, if you wish to achieve anything enduring in life, you have to be first disciplined in life. Lack of discipline is like a ship without a rudder.Child DisciplineForms of Discipline What is best for the child? Children are like flowers, if well taken care of they will bloom. If ignored or tortured, they will wither and die. Child discipline is one of the most important elements of successful parenting. Today, many people have this notion that physical abuse is in no way a solution to helping children discern between right and wrong. Since generations children have been taught the art of discipline through physical punishment.Often this approach to disciplining has resulted in two outcomes, one is where the child becomes more tolerant and is willing to adhere to what he/she has been told, or the other which more of ten results in children developing a sense of anguish and desire to revolt. Physical punishment often destroys the psychological mindset of a child and can scar his/her childhood, resulting in them to grow up to be particularly irritable and frustrated individuals. Over the decades we have seen that fewer and fewer parents are resorting to this sort of method of violence to discipline their children.However contradictory to all that has been stated, I believe that sometimes parents are caught in a situation when children cross all boundaries of discipline and spanking is the only effective solution. Therefore, it is imperative to do so. Nonetheless, before spanking is even taken into consideration all the other non-violent forms of discipline should be used. If none work then finally the act of spanking can be justifiable. The act of spanking is not merely a punishment that should be conducted on a whim by parents there must be reasoning and evidence of a clear sort of rebellion or revolt that requires such treatment.However in such a situation I am of the firm belief that dialogue or discussion is not the option that will placate the issue in the long run. I feel this approach may only last for a short period of time until the child feels that his or her parents have forgotten the issue and will once again go back on the same path. A spanking advocate says, I dont think it hurt me, in fact, it helped me in the long-run. It made me look at consequences, things kids dont normally think about. I was always told, Listen, or youll have to feel it. I listened when I was told, and now, Im grateful I was raised like that because I feel now I am much more respectful to my peers and my elders especially. Thus, the act of a spanking induces a fear, a fear that is necessary for children to experience, as it is this fear that rings in a childs mind when he or she is on the verge of pursuing a mistake he or she is aware is wrong. When a child is noncompliant, I agree that a spanking is desirable by any parent, however spanking works best when followed by a serene conversation with the child about why was he/she spanked.There are many parents today who do not know how to use this disciplinary action on their children. They usually end up excising too much or too little control over their child without giving them a suitable reasoning. A Fact sheet from the Rocky Mountain Family council states that pairing reasoning with a spanking in the toddler years delayed misbehavior longer than did either reasoning or spanking alone. Reasoning linked with a spank was also more effective compared with other discipline methods. Talking with the child about what behavior is expected and why-with the potential of a follow-up spank-worked best. Hence, Spank a child only when necessary and in conjunction with reasoning and other forms of discipline. Reality is a question of perspective the further you get from it the more plausible it seems. Being raised in a traditio nal Indian family, I have been exposed to all forms of disciplines depending on the situation. As a child, I was spanked when I did something wrong. Being spanked taught me respect and kept me in line. The way my parents disciplined me is an accepted method of punishment back home. It is only today that I understand the importance of what they did.Just as my parents did not have the intention to physically abuse me, the entire concept of spanking too is not directed towards hurting the child, it is more of a lesson taught to make the child realize his/her mistake. Hence, there needs to be a limit to how much parents can spank their kids. If the act is carried out on a daily basis, there are higher chances of the kid behaving inappropriately behind closed doors. At the end of the day these kids get so frustrated of being spanked everyday that they end up doing unnecessary things such as lying, cheating, bullying other people behind their parents backs.Research by Murray Straus, a Co- Director at the Family Research Laboratory at the University of Durham,indicated that frequent spanking (three or more times a week) of children 6 to 9 years old, tracked over a period of two years, increased a childs antisocial behaviour, measured in activities like cheating, bullying, or lying. Hence, it is important for the parents to learn which behaviours deserve a spanking. For instance, spilling water, making noise, wetting-pants are normal behaviours all children tend to pick. They do not need to be spanked as these are all age-appropriate behaviours.A key concept of discipline is to identify the behaviour that is typical for the age of the child. Based on the behaviour, parents can then take appropriate actions. For instance, Lisa Berlin, research scientist at the Centre for Child and Family Policy at Duke University says, Were talking about infants and toddlers, and I think that just, cognitively, they just dont understand enough about right or wrong or punishment to benef it from being spanked,As Berlin states, it is pointless to spank an infant, however as children grow older and begin to understand the severity of the punishment, a spanking is desirable.Today, there is a common misconception that spanking is a form of child abuse. Some parents are actually afraid to discipline their own children using the same method used for their own upbringing. Who is correct in the notion of right and wrong discipline? Is there such a thing as a correct way to spank your child? In my opinion, there is. So, my objective is to show that there is a fine line between the two terms Spanking and Child abuse. A Cambridge Dictionary states that Child Abuse occurs when adults intentionally treat children in a cruel or violent way. On the other hand, Spanking in the same dictionary means to hit a child with the hand, usually several times on the bottom as a punishment. In this way, the line between the two can be drawn where too much spanking results in bruises and scar s on the child. Therefore, parents should not spank their children when they are angry themselves as the spank would turn out to be an unintentional smack. When this occurs, parents tend to accidently take out their frustration on the child.Primarily, this is when Spanking, a form of discipline, starts drifting towards the entire concept of child abuse. However, this misconception has led to many unwanted situations where parents have been sent to jail by their own children. In a general conversation with a waiter at IHOP in Charlottesville, I got to know that he spanked his child twice due to confidential reasons and the child sent his dad, Greg, to the court. In this way, mild spanking is an essential tool to bring the child on the right path of success.A pro-spanker, Leeanne, mother to three children says I gave a spanking (more like a weak handed swatting) on the butt when my children were small a couple of times. after that, just a warning and a look was all they needed to keep in line, because they knew they didnt want one. All three of my children have told me that they are ashamed of their generation and each have thanked me, at one point or another for those little spanks. (Again, I dont mean pain just attention getting and disapproval of their behaviour). As claimed by her, I too believe that spanking causes no harm on the child.It is just the way the parent does it. Love your children more than you spank them. At the end of the day, that is all what a child needs in life. Other than that, I also carried out my own survey for this essay where I asked fifteen friends their opinion on spanking. Each of them said that they have been spanked in at least one circumstance. They all agreed that it is proper to discipline in this way. It is only now after coming to UVA and being so successful they have realized the importance of the punishments their parents used to give them.When I asked them at what occasions did they get spanked, one said, I have done a l ot of silly things in life that my parents have disapproved, they believe that not all negative behaviours require a spanking but spanking is their number one choice when all other methods of discipline fail. Life is all about making decisions, taking risks and then finally facing their consequences. Hence, their parents took the risk and landed on the safe end where their children are reaching the pinnacle of success.As stated, spanking shouldnt be the only form of discipline used on children. Parents need to take into account all the other forms as well to teach their children right from wrong. Parents can inculcate discipline in their child by showing discontent to the unsuitable behaviour of the child. This usually has a lasting effect as they know that if they do it again their parents will be disappointed, which is usually harder to deal with. This type of punishment only gives you more of a guilt feeling and it remains till you are in good terms with your parents again.When parents give that silent treatment, it becomes very hard to live in the same house where parents are not in talking terms with their kids. Scolding is another form which is widely used all over the world. If it becomes an everyday situation then it may lessen the effect on the child. The child may start considering this as a normal act for parents to shout at him/her and will start ignoring them. The aim of the parents to teach the kid a lesson and make sure he/she does not make the same mistake again would fail.However, if scolding is the only process used then parents need to also praise their children when they do something good as well. In this way, scolding andpraising should be balanced so that children understand the entire concept properly. Another very effective form of discipline is Time-Out. This is mainly used on young children. Atime-outinvolves temporarily separating a child from an environment where inappropriate behaviour has occurred, and is intended to give an over -excited child time to calm down. This method can be very effectual if carried out appropriately.Too much of something doesnt attain the goal it is looking for. Similarly, excessive scolding or use of time-out does not have the same effect on the child as a one or two time would. For example, a child throwing a tantrum can be put in time-out for him/her to calm down. After that, parents need to make sure they kindly explain the kid that whatever he/she did is not acceptable in society. Even in this case, age matters as a one year old cannot be asked to sit and listen to a long lecture as they do not have long attention spans.An American mother stated Once the child gets older and as they start experiencing the real world, parents tend teach them a lesson by withholding privileges. When they reach a certain age i. e. when they are in grade 5-6, they start to differentiate precisely between family and friends. Sometimes as they enter the teenage world, they begin to value friends over family. At this point, parents know that their kids are growing and might go on the wrong path if not taught a lesson at the right time. Hence, some of the techniques such as if they come home later than expected then take away what they love the most are used.For example, if you come home late, you will not be allowed to watch TV for two days. This is usually used once the child is old enough to understand. In this way, as they grow older they learn how to make thoughtful decisions. A balanced approach should be used in order to raise the child in the right manner. By balanced, I mean that parents should spank their children only to a certain extent primarily depending on their age and the type of mistake committed by the child. Spanking along with other forms of discipline should be used in order to make the child realize his/her mistakes in life.

Challenges Facing Fashion Industry in Ghana

CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The environment in which the means sedulousness operates the world over has become turbulent, unpredictable and therefore, ticklish to exert managerial control. Cultures around the world argon constantly influencing each varied hence, the worlds cultures be changing mien constantly. Also, social, economic, political and issueive factors keep changing than before. Competition in the fashion persistence is so rife much(prenominal) that the survival of fashion organizations freighter non be guaranteed (Stuart, 1995).During the last decade, the educations of new technologies either over the world and growing globalization of countries economies assign one across produced the fastest changes ever. The fashion assiduity in gold coast, especially, the change state hacek sector (which is the focus of this read) has not been with surface the effect of economic, political, social, cultural and legal pressures brought to bear on all organi zations. In recent years, protectionism has given expressive style to globalization. With that change, Ghanaian attire sector of the fashion industry has had to compete with imports from low wage countries.Retailers, unencumbered by protectionism, choose also seized on the opportunity, of disco biscuit choosing to go directly to offshore manufacturers. As retailers become greatheartedger and to a greater extent globally connected, they continue to build global give aways marted around the world. In doing so, they eliminate numerous Ghanaian clothing companies from their supply chain. The go away has been major(ip) market donation declines and job losses in the industry. Aug The Ghanaian clothing sector of the fashion industry faces many take exceptions. he rise of low-cost goods from Asia, a slowdown in consumer spending, difficulty in accessing capital, lack of innovation from entrepreneurs, relatively high prices of products due to high unit cost, poor distribution ch annels and inability to promote paperal anesthetic brands. It is with by doubt that low-cost Chinese imports open increasingly dominated the local fashion scene. As a result some local manufacturers, in an get down to remain competitive, generate subcontracted their output signal processes offshore. The issue of access to capital for the industry is not new.For years, industry players stick targetd that they relish there is a lack of can for their industry from the banking community. Under these circumstances, it is not a surprise that many companies cannot repair financing. as a result of banking formula-based lending practices, financing remains a challenge to many well-run clothing companies and comminuted businesses in general. Brand DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN A MJOR ISSUE IN THE clothing sub sector in the fashion industry in Ghana. Many Designers slang not been able to design extraordinary Ghanaian designs that would bear their own brand name in state to cipher their business.However, a few creative ones have had their product design copied wrongly and produced cheaply from China, thereby destroying the brands they have developed. These and opposite factors have created serious marketing challenges for the clothing sub sector of the fashion industry in Ghana. This schooling would go into detail to look at the nature of the marketing challenges facing the industry in Ghana. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM There are growing signs Ghanaian garment and fashion industry is approaching a serious crossroad.Increasing numbers of mainland Chinese manufacturers are taking Ghanas role of mass-producing prize fashion items at reasonable cost. Industry players, also have difficulty securing financing from other lenders. For example, as muckle based lenders often require important premium inte continue rates. Other larger non- usanceal lending institutions and paids that can assist prefer on the job(p) with larger companies where greater fees and returns can be earned. The traditional financing problems allow likely become further exacerbated as companies implement new models that do not start assets that can be collateralized.The problems enumerated above, as well as western cultures, globalization have created internal marketing challenges for the clothing industry in the area of promotion, square and distribution of products. The study seeks to unravel the challenges and make recommendations to solve the problems. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study were 1. To investigate how hostile cultures have influenced the Ghanaian brands in the clothing industry. 2. To assess the challenges associated with clothing design ( product development) 3. To investigate the challenges industry players face in their pricing of products . To assess how they promote their products. RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY It is hoped that the study would benefit clothing sub sector of the fashion industry in Ghana. Also, it will serve as a pedestal up on which future interrogationes in the area would be based. CHAPTER TWO belles-lettres REVIEW Eusebio (2007) carried out a query on the neverthelesst Internal key factors in export performance A proportional compendium in the Italian and Spanish textile-clothing sector The purpose of this paper is to analyze the key factors in the internationalistic performance of textile manufacturing companies.The study provided a proportional study of the main factors that have affected the export performance of the Spanish and Italian clothing sub sector of the fashion businesses. A wide range of factors has been studied, such as size, dispersion of sales and export have a go at it. In order to compare Spanish and Italian incidents, the empirical study used a standardized questionnaire for collecting data. The cases analyzed were respective geographical zones with a great tradition in textile-clothing industry in their body politic, Catalonian (in the Spanish case) and Lombardian business (in the Italian case).It was put in that international experience was the main factor in the export performance for both cases but the investment in R&D and the export experience have been the keys for explaining the major export performance of the Italian businesses. The paper explained why the Lambardian textile-clothing companies exported more, in relation to total sales, than the Catalan companies in the same sector. . Research limitations The sample was formed fundamentally for small textile-clothing businesses (with less than five employees).Eusebio (2007) STUDIED Top of Form Management perception and marketing strategy in export performance A comparative analysis in Italian and Spanish textile-clothing sector The purpose of the study was to focus on the key factors in the international performance of textile manufacturing companies. In order to compare Spanish and Italian cases, the empirical study used a standardized questionnaire for collecting data. The cases an alysed were respectively geographical zones with a great tradition in textile-clothing industry in their country, Catalonian (in the Spanish case) and Lombardian business (in the Italian case).Research limitations/implications The sample was basically from small textile-clothing business (with less than 500 employees). It was found that international experience was the main factor in the export performance for both cases but investments in R&D and export experience have been the keys for explaining the major export performance of the Italian businesses. The study was of value in that it provides a comparative study of the main factors that have affected the export performance of the Spanish and Italian businesses.A wide range of factors has been studied, including characteristics of the business, such as size, dispersion of sales and export experience. Freeman (2007) carried out a purview on the topic Fashion marketing to women in KazakhstanThe purpose study was to explore consume r behavior regarding womens decisions concerning fashion in the emerging marketing of Kazakhstan. Literature review formed the foundation of the questions asked to several focus groups and in-depth interviews of 48 Kazakhs representing the average age of Kazakhstan.The approach of the paper was explorative as there was not a lot of research concerning the Kazakhstani grocery. The work revealed that Kazakhstani women were becoming aware of their rights to choose clothing and location of purchase. They expected to be treated with respect. The women were value conscious, thinking brand names heighten the value of clothing and will shop sales regardless of the actual discount. Kazakhstani women we extremely fashion conscious and looked to the media current fashions. They were wary ything coming out of China.There were five market segments into which these women can be divided. Practical implications Kazakhstan is opening as a marketplace. In order to understand how to market in Kazak hstan, firms moldiness understand what is wanted and this paper begins this exploration. This market is unexplored both academically and by many clothing manufacturers. This market is opening and thus information concerning the marketplace is necessary. Chong (2007) carried out a survey on the topic Central and east European countries and jointure Africa The emerging clothing supplying countries to the EU.The purpose of this study was to examine the delocalization trend of the EUs clothing production to Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and North Africa, focusing on the geographical shift of outsourced clothing production chemical formula within the two exploitation constituents. In total, 14 CEECs and North African countries were selected and kindified into 1st-tier and 2nd-tier regions according to their GDP/capita values. Clothing trade statistics were obtained from the Eurostat database, and the clothing trade word form was examined during 1995 to 2004.Trade Specialization Coefficient (TSC) was employed to measure the international competitiveness of clothing exports of the selected CEECs and North African countries. Results concluded that the EUs clothing production had materially delocalized to the proximate CEECs and North African regions, with further geographical shift to less-developing 2nd-tier clothing supplying countries in recent years. The TSC analysis reflected that the competitiveness of clothing industry in 2nd-tiers had outperformed the 1st-tier economies, indicating Western European firms had shifted their sourcing practices to those lower-waged countries.Koksal (2007) studied on the topic references regarding childrens clothing in Turkey The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the consumer preferences and behavior in the childrens clothing market in Turkey, a country where the majority of the population is under 18 years old. Whilst the study investigated the purchasing preferences and behaviour of parents, such as shopping frequency and period, subject of retailer and the effect of reference groups in the childrens clothing market, it also explored some childrens purchasing characteristics, like shopping decision age.This study offered some academic results on consumer behaviour and preferences in the childrens clothing market There is no set shopping period consumers prefer shopping from independent shops in the selection of retailers, consumers conceptualize payment conditions, pricing, and range of merchandise in the family the parents mostly make the buying decisions for their childrens clothes the age of children making their own clothing decisions varies between six and ten the most important factors affecting consumers decisions towards shopping for childrens clothing are the price, quality, convenience, payment conditions, and size of the clothing. Kilduff (2007) carried out a research on the topic Analysis of comparative advantage in the textile Byzantine A study of Eastern European and former Soviet Union nations This research aimed to present an exploratory investigation into ten-year (1995-2004) patterns of trade specialization among Eastern European and former Soviet Union Nations, assessing patterns of comparative advantage across the textile machinery, man-made fiber, textile, and groom sectors of the textile complex to determine whether these conform with both trade specialization and industry evolution theories.A revealed symmetric comparative advantage index was employed to evaluate international competitiveness for 27 Eastern European and former Soviet Union Nations over a ten-year period. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to determine the significance of the observed patterns across 4 income-defined groups of nations. Overall, the pattern of export development and RSCA generally reflected expectations regarding factor proportions theory and industry evolution models. The RMANOVA partially confirmed the observations. The analysi s indicated that income group did not independently affect comparative advantage however, the nature of products was the significant factor influencing national comparative advantage. check to the researchers, the established models may be better at understanding those nations which have established relatively stable political and economic environment, and been experiencing earlier stages of industry development, but appear less effectual in predicting development patterns for those nations experiencing dramatic transitions from regulated to de-regulated markets. The patterns of national comparative advantage in a vertical textile complex are identified for Eastern European and former Soviet Union Nations. The dynamics of change over a ten-year period following economic reforms are revealed. Karpova et al (2007) looked at the topic Making sense of the market An exploration of outfit inhalation practices of the Russian consumer. The purpose of this study was to examine and interpr et post-socialist consumer xperiences in relation to clothing consumption practices when consumers shop, acquire, and wear clothing and other fashion-related products. The in-depth interview was the primary data collection tool. Data collection was conducted during summer 2004 in St Petersburg, Russia. College students formed the sample for the study. In total, 17 students (four males and 13 females) were interviewed. The hermeneutic approach was used to interpret the meanings of the participant life experiences. In comparison to consumers in an established market-based economy, consumers in this post-socialist market have unique perceptions of clothing attributes (quality, brand name, country of origin, retail channel) critical for buying decisions.Overall, appearance and clothing play a special role in the emerging Russian market as they facilitate construct and communicate new identities more than any other product category. Identified challenges of the Russian apparel market in dicate opportunities for domestic help and foreign apparel businesses. The meanings Russian consumers attach to clothing attributes can be used to develop product positioning and promotional strategies. Discussed implications of the research findings can be extended to other post-socialist emerging markets. This study explored how Russian consumers have adjusted to the new economic reality after almost fifteen years of transition from a socialist to a capitalist society from the perspective of the consumer.Whereas previous research findings were confirmed, the present study provides rationale for perceived importance of quality and unimportance of brand name in the Russian apparel market. Curran (2007) studied the topic clothings big bang the impact of the end of the ATC on developing country clothing suppliers. Prior to the liberalization of the clothing and textiles sector under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) fears had been expressed astir(predicate) the potential impact on developing country suppliers. This study sought to establish the actual impact of the liberalization of the EU and US clothing markets. Comparison of trade figures pre and post liberalization. Was the basis for the research designThe research revealed that, as forecast, significant changes occurred in sourcing patterns in the EU almost overnight. The big winners were India and China. Almost all other developing countries lost market share, although often not as much as had been feared. The impact of the liberalization was mitigated somewhat by the new quantitative restrictions negotiated with China half way with the year, which resulted in a redistribution of market share to other developing countries. Comparisons with the USA indicated that trends are rather similar, although on that market more developing countries power saw increases in their exports, partly canceling out losses in the EU.Johnson (2007) carried out a survey on The role of focal suppliers in strategic networks for internationalization Perspectives from small and medium-sized Italian and Thai silk suppliers The purpose of this research was to examine the role of focal suppliers in strategic networks for internationalization from the perspectives of small and medium-sized Italian and Thai silk suppliers. Multiple case studies of small and medium-sized suppliers within the silk industries of Italy and Thailand were undertaken. In total, seventeen interviews and three observations were conducted with directors or managers of silk suppliers and a range of government agencies, associations and institutes involved with the silk industry, to identify significant current issues within the sector. conceptually clustered and role ordered matrices were used as coding frameworks to reduce, social organisation and analyze the data. The research showed that Silk suppliers networks may be co-ordinated by a focal supplier that assumes the role of strategic leader.The involvement of a focal and strategically-focused supplier may strengthen and integrate the resources and capabilities of silk suppliers in their networks and enable them to improve their international network development and position. Further investigation is needed on the details of specific roles of focal suppliers in strategic networks. In the view of the researchers, Silk suppliers, their customers and government agencies involved with silk suppliers should advocate and actively support the development of focal suppliers in their networks to enhance the effectiveness of their internationalization process and strategy. The researchers also indicated that there tends to be a consensus in the literature about the influence of focal customers and larger organizations in strategic networks.This study highlighted how small and medium-sized silk suppliers adopt the roles attributed to focal firms and gain positioning advantages for themselves and other suppliers in their network. Karmenidou (2007) carried out an exploratory study on the reasons for purchasing imported high fashion apparels The case of Greece. The purpose of the study was to examine the reasons that classic consumers purchase imported high fashion apparel over Greek designers high fashion apparel. The specific objective of the research was to detect the underlying factors that affect their purchasing behaviour. soft research was conducted with discussions with consumer focus groups, all purchasers of imported high fashion apparel.Quantitative research was undertaken by means of a questionnaire with 28 items referring to the reasons for purchasing imported high fashion apparel. The sample consisted of 200 high fashion consumers from the city of Larissa, Greece. Data analysis includes descriptive statistics, reliability, as well as factor analysis by virtuoso component analysis with Varimax rotation. This research was exploratory in nature and employed a non-probability take method. Results indicated that the consumers pe rceive that the imported high fashion apparel have better aesthetics, a better line and are produced from quality textiles, compared to the domestic high fashion apparel.Four factors derived underpinned the purchasing reasons of imported high fashion apparel status and image, quality of the product, marketing reasons and in fashion. This study provided a useful source of information, which can be used by Greek high fashion apparel designers regarding the reasons why Greek customers of high fashion apparel purchase imported over domestic ones. The study suggests which elements Greek designers of high fashion apparel should focus upon in order to gain a larger market share. This study was important in terms that it was the initiative one to explore the reasons for purchasing imported high fashion apparel over domestic ones in Greece.It highlighted 28 reasons (items) derived from qualitative research. In addition it suggested leave quality and marketing actions to be undertaken by Gr eek high fashion apparel designers. Baker (2006) looked at the topic Fashion industry facing challenges. According to him, the Australias fashion industry faces many challenges including the rise of low-cost goods from Asia, a slowdown in consumer spending and the need to respond quickly to changes in trends. weaken household debt and low-cost Chinese imports increasingly will dominate the local fashion scene. With house prices stagnant and the ongoing threat of an interest rate rise, tidy sum are readjusting their spending habits.Having spent beyond their means for many years, the debt to income gaps need to diminish, which means shrinking the value of goods bought on credit. According to him, the clothing industry is set to bear the brunt of a consumer slowdown in spending which would spell disaster for some local manufacturers. The ability of local production to respond quickly to changes in fashion trends is also crucial for survival. In his view, manufacturers will need to bu ild closer relationships with retailers to help them respond more appropriately to consumer demand. Another challenge came from speedily rising imports, particularly from China which accounts for 59 per cent of industry imports.Smaller, independent operators should always be on the lookout to increase efficiencies, develop effective brand and market strategies and attack key niche segments to make financial gains. One growth area for little players was on line exchange, or e-tail, with its low set-up costs. Online sales currently account for just two to five per cent of retail sales in Australia but predicted that figure will increase with rising levels of broadband penetration. Revenue is leaking from our fashion industry as retailers who have been slow to catch on to building an online presence are losing out to overseas labels that are selling direct to the Australian public online. A survey undertaken by logistics group DHL found that the trend for local designers to go off shore could have a minus effect on the Australian fashion industry.The Business of Fashion survey showed that 90 per cent of respondents, which included designers and manufacturers, believe more garment manufacturing is headed offshore. The survey found that the industry needs better business planning and more help to export if it is to remain competitive. Kalman (1999) wrote an article on how globalization has affected the fashion industry in the West bank. While the West Coast sewn products industry is not exempt from downward domestic production trends faced by the rest of the United States, the region continues to stay one step ahead of the game thanks to its strengths in quick-turn fashion and flexible production.Suppliers to the market are focusing on these strengths as well as the challenges facing West Coast producers namely the lure of low-cost sourcing south of the border as they prepare to participate in the 1999 Sewn Products Expo Los Angeles, which takes place Apr il 22-24 at the Los Angeles Convention Center. Looking at the factors that have driven the West Coast industrys growth, Lectra Systems Inc. vice chairwoman of marketing wind Ludolph observes, As West Coast firms have always been more fashion-driven, they have adapted better than more traditional manufacturing regions of the country to the need for fast, flexible production. Confederate atomic number 20, in particular, maintains a favorable value proposition with good labor availability at relatively low labor costs when compared to other U. S. regions. Likewise, microphone Grogan, vice president of Apparel Machinery & Supply Co. notes that despite the migration of production offshore, the West Coast apparel industry still has a good core of smaller manufacturers, particularly in the Asian community, which can offer quick response to sudden fashion trends and short production runs. The source of most West Coast production is California, which continues to lead U. S. apparel ind ustry employment with a 1998 work force of approximately 168,700. The state is home to some 7,400 fashion-related companies that account for $47. 7 trillion in annual wholesale sales, the California Fashion Association reports. Yet the growth of manufacturing activity in Mexico has had deleterious effects on apparel jobs, even in California. This is particularly true in the most basic product line.People on the lower-priced budget end are almost completely squeeze out of the U. S. Its very difficult for them to make the high-volume, low-cost products here anymore. Moreover, From anywhere in Mexico you can be anywhere in the United States on the design in four days, so transportation issues arent really a problem anymore either. Tight retail margins also are driving more production to Mexico. As Byte Systems director of sales and marketing Brad Mikes asserts Retail price points are still the defining issue. Sewn products will continue to move to Mexico because of its propinquity t o the U. S. , the industry growth in Mexico, and because of the labor cost reduction associated with manufacturing there.Still, California has assets, such as its highly skilled work force and quick-turn manufacturing capacity that Mexico has moreover to match. With regard to the states growing apparel work force, Ludolph emphasizes This is a result of the strong demand for skilled labor, which is required to produce much of the womens wear and sportswear that is superior in the region. Subsequently the availability of skilled, efficient labor is key to maintaining the apparel industry on the West Coast. As the regions labor pool is fueled by an influx of Latin American immigrants, it promises to have a positive impact on maintaining jobs that might have otherwise moved to Mexico.With regard to flexible manufacturing, Robison-Anton Textile Co. president Bruce Anton notes that streamlined logistics and just-in-time production are playing an increasingly important role in the succ ess of Californias apparel industry, whereas Mexican manufacturers have not adjusted to this yet. Isenberg adds that with fashion-oriented orders, California contractors can maintain an edge over those of Mexico, which has very few fashion factories, as well as Asia, which requires hanker lead times. While the days of having big runs come into domestic factories are all but over, he says, California firms can still win if they are willing to run many different styles and small cuts.Indeed, without the security of big runs, many West Coast companies have had to become more acutely attuned to the caprices of the marketplace. As Joe Hollander, president of AC/Automated Components observes We have noticed that some factories are downsizing their operations and gearing themselves toward smaller production runs with an furiousness on quality and quick turnaround. We also see an emphasis on the ability to make subtle changes in the product to customize it for specific stores, chains, et c. From a financial perspective, JBA Internationals Joe Facenda, senior consultant for apparel and footwear, concludes Our region is more influenced than others by the constant flow of new companies. Our designers and supplier network make us the Silicon Valley of the apparel industry, he emphasizes, and this status breeds a great need for more capitalization so that start-ups and established companies alike dont stay behind the capital curve. AHRC (2007) IN THE STUD OF recognize Challenges in Adapting to unfermented Models in the fashion industry ASSERTED THAT While companies are managing to adapt to offshore sourcing, they are slow to become world class in other parts of the value chain. Challenges are both federation specific and general to the industry. The Study indicated that most participants had operating basics right, including being able to produce a value for money product that meets the end consumer needs at the right quality level, delivered on-time, with the prope r service that retailers demand. However, the same study noted several weaknesses.A startling 58 pct of companies did not have the financial acumen, information or general expertise to identify the true profit drivers in their company. Without this information, these companies have been unable to distinguish profitable versus unprofitable segments of their business, and thus often unable to identify the most profitable niches to grow58 percent of companies did not have a strong management team, implying that their own internal management competencies may be preventing them from reinventing themselvesWhile 67 percent of apparel companies operate within a niche, 62 percent do not offer the customer anything that differentiates them from the competition.Contractors were specifically noted to have even greater internal challenges, includingExtremely weak sales and marketing capabilities Many companies tend to be dependent on relatively few longterm customers These companies do not have an owner or key employees with significant sales capabilitiesWeak financial and costing which impede their abilities to determine profitable contracts from unprofitable onesPoor workforce cross-training capabilities / flexibility. A World-Class Focus of Excellence Key challenges per company will also vary based on the model being pursued. In general, the following table illustrates the key challenges depending on whether a company intends to maintain an element of the value chain in-house and make it a core focus or whether it intends to outsource itBeyond specific business model challenges as noted above, certain general challenges will impact industry players as wellDecreasing Domestic Supply Chain As manufacturing continues to move offshore, domestic apparel manufacturer suppliers (textile companies, label producers, thread companies, etc. ) will face greater challenges In all likelihood, these suppliers will continue to face consolidation and closures As the supply chain erodes, it will become increasingly difficult for those apparel companies wishing to manufacture domestically to do so. The 2003 AHRC LMU noted that while most industry executives were aware of the coming industry restructuring, 87 percent did not have a strategic plan to deal with the issues. The 2007 AHRC Study confirmed this still to be the cases at the onset of the program, some three years later.While the 2007 AHRC Study provided assistance to 130 apparel companies, presumably there continues to be many apparel companies without well-rounded management teams. Beyond specific value chain shortcomings, key weaknesses tend to be in the areas of strategic and financial management. Of all participants in the 2007 AHRC Study, 27 percent will face a succession issue within the next 5 years 42 percent within the next 10 yearsMost of these companies do not have succession plansThere is a strong correlation between companies that have succession plans and strategic plans i. e. , if a company do es not have a winning strategy in place, it likely does not have a succession planWithout succession plans, many of these companies will face business continuity issues in the short to mid-term.The issue of access to capital for the apparel industry is not new. For years, apparel companies have indicated that they feel there is a lack of support for their industry from the banking community. While there may be some truth to this, it may be for good reason. As previously noted, consider that of the 2007 AHRC Study participants 56 percent did not have a strong management team in place 58 percent were not able to determine the true profit drivers of their business 87 percent did not have a strategic plan that could be acted upon 61 percent were not willing to reinvest in their businesses. Under these circumstances, it is not a surprise that many companies could not / cannot secure financing.Nevertheless as a result of banking formula-based lending practices, we believe that financing r emains a challenge to many well-run apparel companies and small businesses in general. SMEs at times, also have difficulty securing financing from other lenders. For example, asset based lenders often require substantial premium interest rates. Other larger non-traditional lending institutions and professionals that can assist prefer working with larger companies where greater fees and returns can be earned. The traditional financing problems will likely become further exacerbated as companies implement new models that do not generate assets that can be collateralized. cipher Soft cost expenditures are often required to implement new models (i. e. esigners, marketers, sales and service personnel, increased travel, training and marketing costs, These expenditures offer no collateral security to lending institutions and as a result, are difficult to finance Inventory financing costs are increasing, often as a result of shifts to imports Requirements to fund export receivables are inc reasing. To further exacerbate the issues, many executives appear to often strip equity from their companies as opposed to maintaining this capital for future reinvestment. Employment will shift from predominantly production jobs to balanced or predominantly white collar positions. New models will require companies to hire world-class talents in areas such as design, marketing and logistics.According to the 2007 AHRC Study, positions to be most in demand include Sales professionals (sales managers, brand managers, sales representatives) Marketing professionals (marketing managers, marketing analysts, merchandising technicians) Designers (product developers and design technicians) Import / export specialists This talent appears to be in short supply and in demand by other industries as well. Apparel companies will be challenged to recruit, train and retain these key personnel. Financing such salaries will also be a challenge to companies. According to the 2003 AHRC LMU, 87 percent of Canadian apparel companies had less than 50 employees. Less than 7 percent of companies employed more than 100 personnel.This SME industry structure partly explains the lack of management sophistication in the industry. In order to reinvent themselves, many companies will need to increase their size in order to support greater white collar needs. We believe that this will lead to Further industry consolidation Continued merger and acquisition activity (for companies that have established a niche but need greater volume to expand and operate on a larger ordered series) Partnering / allying / creating joint ventures with world class specialists in order to remain competitive. Such partnerships are likely across the entire value chain in the areas of design, marketing, manufacturing, sales, logistics and distribution.As in the banking sector, much of the professional expertise in this area (business brokers for example) may be out of reach to many SMEs. Professionals in these areas p refer to work with large organizations whereby they can generate substantial fees as opposed to the SME marketplace. There are relatively few barriers to entry in launching an apparel company. As a result, the industry is constantly regenerating. Consider that nearly one third of all participating companies in the 2007 AHRC Study were established within the last ten years. Many of these companies are being founded by new designers graduating from colleges or individuals who have identified an underserved niche.Unhindered with the baggage of yesteryear, many of these companies have viable new business models. In these cases, the challenge is often to secure adequate industry specific managerial talent and financial resources to grow the company. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN The research used the survey design. Independent variables which were assessed cultural, globalization, pricing, product design and promotion challenges in the clothing sub sector of the fashion industry. Assessment was made to see their effect on the industry. both qualitative and quantitative tools were used for the research. The design factored in large scale fashion designers, medium scale designers and tailors/seamstresses.The stratified and simple random sampling methods were used. 3. 2 POPULATION AND SAMPLING 3. 21 Population and Sample The research targeted large scale cloth designers, medium scale designers and tailors/seamstresses in Accra. The large scale designers are those who produce on large scale for the Ghanaian market and still export some. The medium scale are those who produce for the Accra market and a few for other regions. The tailors selected were those imitate and create designs based on the specifications of others. A sample of 120 was chosen. It was made of 10 large scale, 50 medium scale and 60 tailors/seamstresses. 3. 22 Sampling StrategyThe research stratified the population into 3 large scale designers, medium scale designers and tailors/seams tresses. Simple random sampling was then used to select the sample in each stratum. A List was obtained from the Association of Fashion Designer and the Association of Tailors and Seamstresses. They then given codes and put in a basket. The sample was then selected randomly through the lottery approach. 3. 3 RESEARCH PROCEDURE A letter of introduction was taken from the Wesleyan University College. Copies were made and addressed to the leaders of Associations to seek approval for preliminary interview to have insight into the challenges of the industry.The leaders of the associations gave out the list of members, location and telephone numbers. With the help of the leaders, 120 respondents were selected. The researcher upon meeting the respondents explained the topic under study, stated the purposes, relevance and benefits of the research. Upon the approval of the Heads, the respondents were given the questionnaires. The researcher and his research assistants used a period of four (4) weeks to collect the questionnaires from the respondents. Out of the 120 individuals identified and given the questionnaires, 108 responded to the questionnaires, representing a response rate of 90%. 3. 4 RESEARCH INSRUMENTThe primary data was collected through the administration of questionnaires based on our aims and research questions The questions were in . The questions used in this research were two types open-ended and closed-ended questions. The reason for the open-ended questions was to allow respondents to express their views in the way they desired. The closed-ended ones were used to ascertain specific answers. 3. 5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this research. These two methods complement each other. Qualitative research can be used in all disciplines and subject matters and its main aim is to gather an in-depth understanding of reasons and human behaviour.It investigates the why, what, how, where and when of decisions making a nd human behaviour. The research used bar graphs and frequency tables to analyse the data. The researchers also used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the analysis. REFERENCES APPENDIX 1 METHODIST UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING QUESTIONNAIRE initiation I am a student of the Methodist University College, Department of Marketing, pursuing Bachelor of Business Administration. I am carrying out a research on the topic Marketing challenges of fashion industry in Ghana perspectives of clothing sector. in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree.It is the aim of this research to find out the challenges of the fashion industry in relation to globalization, cultural influence, product development, pricing, distribution and promotion. The information you provide would be treated with the confidentiality and anonymity it deserves. You are assured that the information would be used for purely academic purposes and nothing else. I would be grateful if you respond to this questionnaire as objectively and honestly as possible. SECTION A Demographic Data 1. Age. 2. Gender Male Female. 3. Educational background Basic EducationSecondary education Tertiary education.. 4. How long have you been in the fashion industry. 5.Industry classification Seamstresses/Tailors.. Medium scale Large scale SECTION B Cultural Challenges 1. Clients like European designs Yes.. No.. 2. American designs have adulterated indigenous Ghanaian designs Yes. No 3. Women mostly like western clothes that expose their bodies Yes. No 4. Cheap foreign clothes are collapsing the Ghanian fashion industry. Yes No.. SECTION C Challenges of Globalization 5 Unfair global trade affects the fashion industry in Ghana. Yes No. 6. The fasion inudtry in Ghana uses very little IT in its operation. Yes.. No. 7. Designs on the net has a lot of influence in the choice of clothes. Yes.. No.. 8.Globalisation has changed the taste and preferences of consumers in the fshion industry i n Ghana. Yes.. No SECTION D Product development Challenges 9. the industry has innovative designers with a sense of originality. Yes. No 10. The clothes designed are of high quality. Yes. No 11. Clothing brands do not have trademarks. Yes. No. 12. Designs and clothes are durable. Yes.. No. SECTION E Pricing Challenges 13. Consumers compain about the prices of clothes. Yes. No. 14. Prices of Ghanaian clothing designs are higher than that from the west. Yes. No. 15. Chinese clothes of the same quality are less dearly-won than Ghanaian clothes. Yes. No 16.Designs do not have standard prices. Yes. No SECTION F Promotion Challenges 17. Industry players cannot afford to advertise clothes on TV. Yes. No. 18. Medium scale clothing producers do not take part in trade exhibition. Yes.. No.. 19. Most clothing designers are not known. Yes No.. 20. Stakeholders do radio advert to advertise new designs. Yes.. No. SECTION G Distribution Challenges 21. Cloth designer do not have many sales outlet. Yes. No. 22. There are not many retailers who deal in made Ghana clothes. Yes No. 23. Made in Ghana clothing designs are not easily accessible on the local market. Yes No.

Drovers Wife

Comparing the female characters in the short stories The Drovers Wife by Henry Lawson and The Chosen vessel by Barbara Baynton. Brief biography of Henry Lawson and Barbara Baynton. The Drovers married womanhood was published in the Bulletin in 1892 and The Chosen vas in 1896. From the 1900s to the onset of WW1, pioneers made their homes in the dangerous outback of Australia. Pioneering women are left unaccompanied to encounter the scourge of nature ( examples). The women became principal caregivers to sick travelers. Most of these women rose to the challenge and endured the incredible hardship of life in the outback. Brief summary of two stories. The Drovers Wife revolves around the hardship and bravery of a bush woman who lives with her 4 children and snake dog. The Chosen Vessel is about a bush woman who is left alone and one day, she encounters a swagman who rapes and murders her. The themes for both stories are similar loneliness of being in the bush and battling an enemy to save their children and themselves. The drovers wife fights through many battles during her husbands absence. She suffered several hardships. The woman in The Chosen Vessel is also left alone to care for her young child when faced with dangers. In The Drovers Wife the enemy is the five-foot long poisonous snake. The snake that the woman battles against is a representative of her enemy which is the bush. Throughout her whole life, she has been battling against nature. The enemy in The Chosen Vessel is the swagman. The woman is fighting against man, her husband and the swagman. The ways in which both the women approach the dangers they are faced with are variant. The drovers wife attacks and faces her problems whereas the woman in The Chosen Vessel hides from hers. The lies in which each women tells the swagmen they come across emonstrates their different characters. Both the women have different respects and expectations from their husband. The drovers wife respects his husband and knows that he if he had the means, he would treat her like a princess. The husband of the woman in The Chosen Vessel is cruel to his wife. Despite being ill-treated, she still counts the days till his regaining even though he had not been gone for long. The feelings of the women vary in each story. Beneath her tough exterior, the drovers wife is a sensitive and emotional. woman. The only emotion shown by the woman in Barbara Bayntons story is fear. The drovers wife may be more physically isolated, but she had been given help from various people. The other woman however, is left completely alone to care for her young child. Although both stories revolved around the same theme, time and setting, the presentation of the setting through their characters gave a different representation to the readers. Henry Lawsons writing was more favorable compared to Barbara Bayntons gothic style. His story succeeded in giving tribute and admiration to the hardship and struggles of the Australi an bush people.